Servomotor vs. invertor: Care este diferența?

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A servo drive and an inverter both convert electrical power into controlled motor motion, but they are normally chosen for different jobs.

O servomotor is designed as part of a closed-loop motion system. It continuously uses feedback from an encoder or another position sensor to control the motor’s position, speed, and torque. Use it when the machine must move to a defined position, follow a motion profile, synchronize with another axis, or respond quickly to a changing load.

Un invertor, also called a variable frequency drive (VFD), variable speed drive (VSD), or AC drive, is primarily used to control motor speed and torque by changing the frequency and voltage supplied to the motor. Use it when the main requirement is efficient, adjustable-speed operation of a conveyor, pump, fan, mixer, compressor, spindle, or other rotating load.

That is the practical difference, but it is not an absolute technical boundary. Modern vector inverters can use encoder feedback, control torque, and perform limited positioning. Servo drives also contain an inverter power stage and can run continuously in speed or torque mode. The correct choice depends on the motion requirement, not the label on the drive.

This article explains where the two technologies differ, where they overlap, and how to choose without paying for performance the machine cannot use or accepting control the machine cannot meet.

Servo Drive vs Inverter at a Glance

Selection point	Servo drive and servo motor	Inverter/VFD and AC motor
Primary purpose	Precise position, velocity, and torque control	Adjustable speed and torque for rotating equipment
Normal feedback	Motor encoder or resolver is part of the control loop	Often sensorless; encoder feedback is available on suitable vector drives
Typical control structure	Nested current, speed, and position loops	V/f, sensorless vector, PM control, or closed-loop vector depending on model
Positioning	A core function of the servo system	Basic positioning is possible on some models; not universal
Dynamic response	Designed for rapid acceleration, deceleration, and disturbance correction	Usually optimized for smooth, stable machine or process speed control
Low-speed operation	Strong controlled torque at very low or zero speed within system limits	Depends heavily on control mode, encoder feedback, motor cooling, and drive rating
Motor	Usually a matched permanent-magnet servo motor with feedback	Commonly an induction motor; many current VFDs also support approved PM motors
Short-term torque	Servo systems commonly provide substantial peak torque for acceleration, subject to the torque-speed curve and duty cycle	Overload capability depends on normal-, heavy-, or constant-torque rating and permitted duration
Multi-axis synchronization	Native strength when paired with a motion controller and deterministic network	Possible on higher-performance systems, but not the main purpose of a basic VFD
Commissioning	Motor matching, encoder setup, tuning, inertia, motion profile, and mechanics	Motor data, control mode, acceleration/deceleration, I/O, limits, and application parameters
Typical system cost	Usually higher because the system includes a matched motor, feedback, cables, and motion engineering	Usually lower for continuous-speed duties, especially with standard AC motors
Common applications	Packaging registration, indexing, robots, electronic cams, flying cut, CNC feed axes, pick-and-place	Pumps, fans, conveyors, mixers, extruders, compressors, general spindles, process equipment

The table describes typical use, not a rule for every product. Mitsubishi FR-E800, for example, can provide vector control and positioning with the required option and motor configuration. Schneider ATV320 supports open-loop control for several motor types and offers machine functions beyond basic V/f control. Compare exact models and options before making a final decision.

What Is a Servo Drive?

A servo drive is the power and control device between a motion controller and a servo motor.

The controller sends a command such as target position, velocity, or torque. The servo drive supplies controlled three-phase current to the motor and reads the encoder feedback. It calculates the difference between the commanded motion and the measured motion, then corrects the motor current continuously.

A typical industrial servo axis contains:

A PLC, PAC, CNC, robot controller, or dedicated motion controller
A servo drive, sometimes called a servo amplifier
A compatible rotary, linear, or direct-drive servo motor
An encoder or resolver, often built into the motor
Motor power, feedback, and brake cables
A coupling, gearbox, belt, ball screw, rack, or direct mechanical load
Limit switches, homing sensors, and safety devices where required

Current systems often combine command and diagnostic data over EtherCAT, CC-Link IE TSN, PROFINET, EtherNet/IP with motion, SERCOS, or a vendor-specific motion network. Pulse-train and analog-command servo drives are still common on standalone and legacy machines.

Mitsubishi Electric’s current MELSERVO-J5 lineup, for example, supports position, speed, torque, and fully closed-loop control on applicable amplifier versions. Omron’s 1S servo systems combine EtherCAT communication with high-resolution encoder feedback. Schneider’s Lexium range is designed for high-performance motion-control applications.

The important point is that a servo drive is only one part of the servo system. Its performance depends on the motor, encoder, controller update rate, network, tuning, load inertia, coupling, gearbox, machine stiffness, and motion profile.

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What Is an Inverter or VFD?

In industrial automation, the word inverter usually means a variable frequency drive. The internal power conversion typically follows three stages:

The input AC supply is rectified into DC.
Capacitors create and stabilize a DC bus.
Power transistors switch the DC bus into a controlled three-phase AC output.

By changing output frequency and voltage, the VFD controls motor speed and magnetic flux. More advanced drives estimate or measure motor conditions to regulate speed and torque more accurately.

Common VFD control modes include:

V/f control: simple voltage-to-frequency control for general loads
Sensorless vector control: improved torque and speed regulation without a motor encoder
Closed-loop vector control: encoder feedback for tighter speed and torque control
PM motor control: control algorithms for supported permanent-magnet motors
Application control: functions such as PID, flying start, brake logic, torque limits, simple positioning, winding, or pump control

Mitsubishi describes FREQROL inverters as variable-frequency power supplies for flexible speed control of three-phase motors. Its current FR-E800 range supports induction and approved PM motors, with control capability ranging from V/f to vector control and positioning on applicable configurations. Schneider’s ATV320 is an OEM machine drive for open-loop control of asynchronous and synchronous motors, with sensorless vector and application functions.

This is why “VFD equals open loop” is no longer a reliable definition. The better distinction is that a VFD is normally selected around a continuous or cyclic motor-load duty, while a servo system is selected around a required motion profile and following accuracy.

1. The Main Difference Is the Control Objective

The central question is: Does the machine need controlled speed, or does it need controlled motion?

A VFD is usually responsible for making a motor run at the requested speed and torque. If a conveyor should run at 35 Hz, the drive accelerates to that operating point and maintains it as the load changes. The machine may not care about the exact angular position of the motor shaft.

A servo axis is usually responsible for following a trajectory. If a rotary table must move 90 degrees, settle within a defined window, wait for an operation, and then index again, the controller and drive track position throughout the move. Acceleration, velocity, deceleration, jerk, torque limit, and following error all matter.

The distinction becomes obvious during a disturbance. If a load pushes a servo axis away from its commanded position, the control loop detects the position error and applies corrective torque within the system’s limits. A speed-controlled VFD may correct speed but does not necessarily know or recover the exact lost position.

2. Feedback Changes What the System Knows

A servo motor normally has an encoder or resolver connected directly to the servo drive. The drive therefore knows rotor position and can estimate or control velocity and torque with high bandwidth.

Many current servo systems use absolute encoders. An absolute system can retain or reconstruct axis position across power cycles according to its design, configuration, and battery requirements. This can reduce homing time, but it does not eliminate the need for safe startup logic, travel limits, or mechanical verification.

A basic VFD often runs without motor feedback. It estimates motor behavior from output current, voltage, frequency, and a motor model. This is adequate for a large number of industrial loads.

Adding an encoder to a suitable vector VFD improves low-speed regulation and torque control. It may also enable positioning functions. However, encoder presence alone does not make the system equivalent to a servo. The drive’s control-loop bandwidth, position planner, network synchronization, motor inertia, encoder interface, and mechanical design still determine performance.

Also remember that encoder resolution is not the same as machine accuracy. Backlash, coupling compliance, belt stretch, ball-screw lead error, thermal expansion, frame stiffness, and sensor mounting can dominate the final result. A high-resolution motor encoder cannot see lost motion after a flexible gearbox unless the system uses load-side feedback and supports fully closed-loop control.

3. Servo Motors and Inverter Motors Are Designed Differently

An industrial AC servo motor is commonly a permanent-magnet synchronous motor with an integrated feedback device. It is designed for fast current response, high torque density, low rotor inertia, rapid acceleration, and controlled operation across a wide speed range.

A VFD commonly controls a standard or inverter-duty induction motor. These motors are robust, widely available, and economical over a broad power range. Many modern VFDs can also control specific PM motors, but the drive’s approved motor type and tuning method must be checked.

The motor-drive combination matters in both cases.

Servo motors and drives are usually selected as a compatible pair. Encoder protocol, feedback voltage, pole data, temperature sensor, brake control, cable pinout, and motor constants must match. Two motors with the same power rating and connector shape are not necessarily interchangeable.

An inverter provides more freedom to select among compatible standard motors, but that freedom still has limits. Confirm voltage, rated current, base frequency, insulation, cooling, hazardous-location requirements, cable length, bearing-current mitigation, and suitability for inverter duty.

Do not connect a servo motor to a general-purpose VFD merely because the voltage and power appear similar. Some advanced drives can control particular permanent-magnet servo motors, but only when the control algorithm, feedback arrangement, motor data, speed limits, and protection are explicitly supported.

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4. Speed Range and Low-Speed Torque Are Not the Same Thing

A pump or fan rarely needs rated torque at zero speed. A vertical axis, indexer, tension roll, or press feed may need substantial torque while moving slowly or holding position.

Servo systems are built for controlled torque at very low speed and can produce torque at zero speed within the continuous and peak limits of the selected motor-drive combination. The motor’s torque-speed curve, winding, thermal model, cooling, and duty cycle still apply.

A VFD in V/f mode normally loses torque quality as speed approaches zero. Sensorless vector control improves low-speed performance substantially. Closed-loop vector control with an encoder can provide controlled torque at or near zero speed on suitable systems.

The engineering question is not “Can it make torque?” It is:

How much continuous torque is required at the minimum speed?
How long must it hold or operate there?
Is the motor self-cooled, separately ventilated, or liquid cooled?
What speed accuracy is required when the load changes?
Is shaft position important during the low-speed period?
What happens after power loss or a safety stop?

A motor that produces enough short-term torque may still overheat during prolonged low-speed operation. Check the motor’s permitted operating zone rather than relying on a drive’s peak-current specification.

5. Dynamic Response Favors the Servo System

Servo systems are normally selected when the machine requires frequent, rapid changes in speed or direction.

Examples include:

Indexing a rotary table several times per second
Correcting film registration on a packaging machine
Following an electronic cam profile
Synchronizing a cutter with a moving web
Moving a robot axis through a controlled trajectory
Feeding a tool to a position and holding it under changing force

The servo motor’s low inertia and the drive’s fast current, speed, and position loops allow rapid correction. The motion controller generates a trajectory that respects velocity, acceleration, deceleration, and often jerk limits.

A VFD can accelerate and decelerate quickly when correctly sized, especially with vector control and braking hardware. For many conveyors and spindles, its response is more than sufficient. But a fast ramp is not the same as high-bandwidth motion control. If the application has a tight following-error limit or must synchronize position with another axis, prove the VFD solution with the real load before standardizing it.

6. Positioning Is Where the Difference Becomes Practical

If an axis must repeatedly stop at an exact mechanical location, servo is usually the first technology to evaluate.

Servo systems support positioning through pulse commands, internal index tables, or network motion commands depending on the model. Motion controllers can coordinate gearing, camming, interpolation, registration, homing, touch-probe capture, and multi-axis synchronization.

Some modern VFDs support simple positioning from pulse input, encoder counts, limit switches, or internal logic. Mitsubishi’s FR-E800, for example, lists positioning under vector control when the applicable feedback option is used. Omron’s MX2-V2 includes simple positioning functions.

These functions can be very useful for:

A conveyor that moves between a small number of stations
A door, gate, or transfer mechanism with modest accuracy
A winding or lifting system that already needs closed-loop vector control
A retrofit where replacing a large induction motor with a servo would be impractical

They should not be assumed equivalent to a coordinated servo axis. Check position resolution, repeatability, settling time, command interface, homing method, maximum pulse rate, encoder location, backlash, and behavior after power loss.

7. Torque and Power Sizing Follow Different Workflows

Sizing an Inverter

For a VFD, begin with the motor’s nameplate current at the actual supply voltage. Then verify:

Drive continuous output current under the selected duty rating
Required overload current and duration
Constant-torque or variable-torque load characteristic
Ambient temperature, altitude, carrier-frequency, and mounting derating
Starting and breakaway torque
Minimum continuous speed and motor cooling
Acceleration and deceleration energy
Braking resistor, braking unit, common DC bus, or regenerative requirement
Motor cable length, EMC, output reactor, and motor insulation

Do not select a VFD from motor kilowatts alone. Drives with the same nominal power can have different normal-duty and heavy-duty currents.

Sizing a Servo System

For a servo, start from the motion profile and mechanics. Calculate or simulate:

Load mass and rotational inertia
Gear ratio, screw lead, pulley diameter, and mechanical efficiency
Required travel, speed, acceleration, deceleration, and dwell time
Friction, gravity, process force, and external disturbance torque
Peak torque during the hardest part of the cycle
RMS torque over the complete repeating cycle
Maximum motor speed and the available torque at that speed
Motor-to-load inertia ratio and tuning margin
Regenerated energy during deceleration or lowering
Gearbox backlash, torsional stiffness, and permitted positioning error

Peak torque tells you whether the axis can make the move. RMS torque tells you whether it can repeat the move without overheating. Both must remain inside the manufacturer’s torque-speed and duty limits.

Servo oversizing is not automatically safer. A larger motor can increase rotor inertia, make tuning more difficult, and require a larger drive, cable, gearbox, and panel. Select from the motion profile, then validate the axis with the manufacturer’s sizing tool and the real mechanical design.

8. Braking and Regeneration Apply to Both

Both VFD and servo systems can receive energy back from the motor during deceleration or when an overhauling load drives the motor.

The DC bus can absorb only a limited amount of this energy. Depending on the duty, the system may need:

A longer deceleration time
An external braking resistor
A separate braking unit
A shared DC bus approved by the manufacturer
A regenerative converter or regenerative drive

Servo applications often have aggressive cyclic acceleration and deceleration, so regenerated energy is part of normal sizing. VFD applications such as hoists, centrifuges, downhill conveyors, unwinders, and high-inertia fans can create the same issue.

A braking resistor is not a mechanical holding brake. On a vertical axis, the brake, drive torque, stop sequence, STO behavior, safety controller, counterbalance, and risk assessment must be designed together. A motor holding brake is generally intended to hold a stopped axis, not absorb repeated service-braking energy, unless the manufacturer explicitly states otherwise.

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9. Communication and PLC Programming Are Different

A basic VFD can often be controlled with a run input and an analog speed reference. Network control adds command words, speed or torque references, drive status, current, frequency, and fault diagnostics.

A servo axis usually needs a motion command source. Depending on the architecture, that may be:

Pulse and direction
CW/CCW pulse train
Analog speed or torque command
Internal positioning table
Deterministic motion network controlled by a PLC, PAC, CNC, or robot controller

Network names alone do not prove motion capability. Standard EtherNet/IP, PROFINET, Modbus TCP, or ordinary Ethernet communication may be suitable for VFD control and diagnostics but not for synchronized multi-axis motion. Verify that the controller, network profile, drive, update cycle, clock synchronization, and motion instructions support the required function.

For a servo project, define axis units, homing, software limits, motion states, following-error response, stop categories, fault recovery, and absolute-position handling. For a VFD project, define command source, reference scaling, acceleration/deceleration, minimum and maximum speed, local/remote behavior, communication-loss response, and restart policy.

10. Functional Safety Is Not Determined by Drive Type

Many current servo drives and VFDs provide Safe Torque Off (STO). Some models support additional functions such as Safe Stop 1, Safely Limited Speed, Safe Operating Stop, Safe Brake Control, or Safe Limited Position.

The function list and certified level depend on the exact drive version, optional safety module, feedback device, firmware, wiring, and safety architecture. A servo drive is not automatically safer because it has an encoder, and a VFD is not automatically limited to STO.

Select safety functions from the machine risk assessment. Then follow the manufacturer’s safety manual for wiring, test intervals, configuration, acceptance testing, and permitted motor or encoder conditions.

Before working on either drive type, isolate all energy sources, prevent unexpected mechanical movement, wait the specified discharge time, verify the DC bus has discharged, and follow the exact installation manual. A disabled output or extinguished display does not by itself prove the terminals are safe.

When Should You Choose an Inverter?

Choose a VFD when the primary requirement is controllable speed and torque rather than precise shaft position.

It is usually the practical choice for:

Pumps, fans, blowers, and compressors
Continuous conveyors and screw feeders
Mixers, agitators, and centrifuges
Extruders and process rolls
General machine spindles
HVAC and water-treatment equipment
Applications where a standard industrial motor and broad power range are valuable
Energy-saving control of variable-torque loads

A VFD may also be the better solution for a high-power or mechanically rugged axis where closed-loop speed or torque control is required but servo-level positioning is not.

When Should You Choose a Servo Drive?

Choose a servo system when the process depends on position, synchronization, rapid response, or controlled motion profiles.

It is usually the practical choice for:

Indexing tables and pick-and-place mechanisms
Packaging registration and cut-to-length axes
Electronic gearing and camming
CNC feed axes and machine-tool positioning
Robot joints and Cartesian gantries
Labeling, printing, and web-registration systems
High-cycle assembly and test equipment
Applications that must correct position quickly after load disturbances

The servo’s advantage has value only when the mechanics and controller can use it. Backlash, loose couplings, flexible frames, poor tuning, slow PLC logic, or an unsuitable gearbox can waste the performance of an expensive servo package.

The Gray Area: Closed-Loop Vector VFD or Servo?

Some applications sit between ordinary speed control and high-performance motion control.

A closed-loop vector VFD may be the better choice when:

The motor power is high and an induction motor is preferred
Tight speed or torque regulation is required
The axis moves slowly under heavy load
Basic positioning is sufficient
Existing mechanics and motor frame make a servo conversion difficult
The application is a hoist, winder, extruder, test stand, or process axis rather than a fast indexer

A servo is usually the better choice when:

The axis must follow a position trajectory with low following error
Settling time directly affects machine cycle time
Several axes must remain electronically synchronized
Repeated acceleration and deceleration dominate the duty cycle
Registration or touch-probe events require fast deterministic capture
Compact size and high torque density justify the matched motor system

For a borderline application, test one real axis. Measure speed error, following error, settling time, peak and RMS torque, motor temperature, regenerated energy, and recovery after a fault. A proof of concept is cheaper than redesigning the machine after acceptance testing.

Exemple de aplicații

Aplicație	Likely first choice	Why
Centrifugal pump with pressure PID	VFD	Efficient variable-speed process control; exact shaft position is irrelevant
Long conveyor running at adjustable speed	VFD	Smooth speed control and robust motor selection normally matter more than position
Conveyor indexing products into a sealing station	Servo, or a proven positioning VFD for modest requirements	Required stop accuracy, cycle time, and disturbance recovery decide the result
Rotary indexing table	Servo	Repeated position moves, controlled profiles, and settling time are central
Flying knife synchronized to a moving web	Servo	Electronic gearing, position capture, and synchronization are required
Extruder screw	Vector VFD	Continuous torque and speed regulation normally matter more than angular position
Winder or unwinder	Closed-loop vector VFD or servo	Tension range, roll diameter, line speed, torque accuracy, and synchronization determine the choice
Vertical lift	Servo or closed-loop vector VFD with engineered brake and safety system	Torque at low speed, feedback, brake sequence, stopping duty, and risk assessment are critical
High-speed spindle	VFD or spindle drive	Wide speed range and continuous power are often more important than indexing position
Robot joint	Servo	Position trajectory, dynamic correction, compact torque density, and multi-axis coordination are required

Common Selection Mistakes

Assuming Every Encoder System Is a Servo

An encoder can close a VFD speed loop or provide position information to a PLC. The complete control structure, update rate, motor, and motion functions determine whether the system can perform as a servo axis.

Comparing Only Motor Power

A 2 kW servo and a 2 kW induction motor do not necessarily produce equivalent motion. Compare torque-speed curves, peak and RMS torque, inertia, overload duty, cooling, and mechanical transmission.

Treating Encoder Resolution as Machine Accuracy

High pulse count does not remove backlash, compliance, thermal error, or load-side movement. Define accuracy and repeatability at the working point of the machine.

Using the Motor Brake for Repeated Stopping

An integrated servo brake is normally a holding brake. Repeated service braking can cause premature wear unless the motor documentation expressly permits that duty.

Selecting Servo for Every Conveyor

A servo is justified when the conveyor must index, register, synchronize, or recover exact position. A continuously running transfer conveyor is normally simpler and more economical with a VFD.

Selecting VFD Because It Has a Positioning Parameter

Simple positioning may be enough, but verify repeatability, homing, settling time, pulse or network command limits, load disturbance, and recovery behavior. One positioning function does not create a full motion-control platform.

Replacing an Existing Drive

Do not replace a servo drive with a VFD, or a VFD with a servo system, based only on power and voltage.

For a servo replacement, record:

Complete drive and motor model numbers
Encoder type and resolution
Motor power, rated and maximum speed, rated and peak torque
Brake and temperature-sensor details
Power, encoder, and brake cable references
Command interface and motion network
Gear ratio, load inertia, motion profile, and mechanical limits
Safety functions and wiring
Existing parameter backup and controller project

For a VFD replacement, record:

Tensiune și fază de intrare
Motor nameplate current, voltage, frequency, speed, and connection
Control mode and motor tuning data
Normal- or heavy-duty rating
I/O assignments and analog scaling
Communication protocol and control words
Braking resistor or regenerative hardware
EMC filter, reactors, motor cable length, and enclosure conditions
Parameters, faults, and application behavior

Kwoco can help identify a compatible servo or inverter replacement when the original model is obsolete or difficult to source. The useful starting package is the complete drive and motor nameplates, connector and cabinet photos, cable references, PLC model and network, safety wiring, and the original parameter file. That prevents a superficially similar drive from being recommended without the feedback, braking, or communication hardware the machine needs.

A Practical Selection Checklist

Use these questions before requesting a quotation:

[ ] Does the axis need speed control, torque control, position control, or all three?
[ ] What position accuracy, repeatability, and settling time are required at the load?
[ ] Is multi-axis synchronization, camming, gearing, or registration required?
[ ] What are the maximum speed, acceleration, peak torque, and RMS torque?
[ ] What continuous torque is required at minimum speed or standstill?
[ ] What is the load inertia, transmission ratio, efficiency, and backlash?
[ ] How much energy returns during deceleration or lowering?
[ ] Which motor type and cooling method fit the environment?
[ ] Which PLC, motion controller, command interface, and network will be used?
[ ] Which safety functions are required by the risk assessment?
[ ] Can the plant maintain the software, cables, backup, and spare parts?
[ ] Has the highest-risk motion been tested with representative mechanics?

If position and dynamic response are not part of the requirement, begin with a VFD solution. If repeatable position, synchronized motion, and short settling time define machine performance, begin with a servo solution. Use the gray-area evaluation only when the application genuinely falls between those two cases.

Întrebări frecvente

Can a VFD replace a servo drive?

Yes, but only when the application does not require servo-level positioning, synchronization, settling time, or dynamic correction. A vector VFD may replace a servo on a speed- or torque-controlled axis if its current, low-speed performance, feedback, braking, and control functions satisfy the machine specification. The PLC program, motor, encoder, wiring, and safety design usually require changes.

Can a VFD run a servo motor?

Only when the VFD explicitly supports that motor type and the required motor data, feedback method, speed range, and protection. Some modern drives control approved PM motors, but a random servo motor and general-purpose VFD should not be connected based on voltage and power alone. The manufacturer’s compatibility and parameter documentation must confirm the combination.

Can an inverter perform position control?

Some inverters can perform basic or even closed-loop positioning with the required encoder option and control mode. Mitsubishi FR-E800 and Omron MX2-V2 are examples of VFD families with positioning capabilities on applicable configurations. Check command resolution, feedback interface, repeatability, homing, settling time, and network synchronization before treating the drive as a motion axis.

Is a servo drive more energy efficient than a VFD?

Not automatically. Efficiency depends on the motor, drive, load profile, speed range, regeneration, mechanical transmission, and operating point. VFDs can save substantial energy on variable-torque pumps and fans, while servo systems can be efficient on high-cycle motion because they use a matched motor and can manage regenerative energy. Compare the complete duty cycle rather than the drive category.

Which is better for a conveyor, a servo or an inverter?

Use a VFD for a conveyor that mainly needs adjustable continuous speed. Use a servo when the conveyor must index to position, register products, synchronize with cutters or sealers, or correct motion rapidly. For a borderline case, define stop accuracy, cycle time, load variation, and recovery requirements, then test the selected motor-drive system with the real mechanics.

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Final Answer

A servo drive controls a matched servo motor as part of a feedback-based motion system. It is designed to make position, speed, and torque follow a command accurately and dynamically.

An inverter or VFD controls the frequency, voltage, and current supplied to an AC motor. It is designed primarily for efficient adjustable-speed and torque control, although advanced models can add encoder feedback and positioning.

Choose the inverter when the load needs smooth, reliable speed control. Choose the servo when the machine’s productivity or quality depends on where the axis is, how quickly it gets there, and how closely it follows a coordinated motion profile.

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